Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn

Twain, through this novel, uncovers a kid's introduction into masculinity. Huck's presence on the pontoon instructs him about existence as it truly may be. At whatever point he goes on shore, he sees the pitilessness of society furthermore, man's brutality to his individual man. At the point when he comes back to the pontoon, he feels the tranquility of nature what's more, the respectability of the dark slave that shares his excursion. Southern culture has instructed Huck that slaves are sub-human animals without any emotions, just a bit of property to be purchased and sold. Toward the start of the novel, Huck gets tied up with this theory beyond a shadow of a doubt. He can hardly imagine how he is helping a nigger break to opportunity. It is against all that he has been instructed (and he knows Tom Sawyer would never do it.) Huck is stunned to discover that Jim thinks profoundly about his family, similarly as a white individual thinks about his (and more than Pap at any point thought about Huck.) He is considerably increasingly astounded that Jim can have his emotions hurt at the point when Huck pulls a prank on him. He never accepted that Blacks had emotions. In any case, each time that Huck goes on shore, he loses a portion of his honesty; he starts to comprehend the bad faith of society. He sees the Grangerfords murdered by the Shephardsons, and he sees the Duke and Dauphin effectively hoodwink the townspeople out of their cash. Naturally, Huck understands that Jim is smarter and worth more than a considerable lot of the white individuals on shore. At the point when he is compelled to settle on a choice about turning Jim in or remaining by him, Huck chooses not to double-cross his companion, regardless of whether it is against all that he has been instructed by society and regardless of whether he goes to damnation for it. Before the finish of the novel, Huck knows without a doubt than he can't fit into the cultivated lifestyle or participate in the false reverence of society. He realizes himself all around ok to acknowledge he should proceed onward. Accordingly, toward the finish of the novel, he sets out for new terrains toward the west, looking for a spot that offers truth and freedom.... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn The Illustrious Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Samuel Clemens is not the slightest bit a supremacist bit of writing. Its creator is not the slightest bit a bigot; he’s a remarkable inverse. Some accept the book should be restricted from school’s required understanding records and libraries. These discussions happen because of the depiction of one of the book’s characters Jim, a dark flee slave that becomes a close acquaintence with Huck through his experiences down the stream. Since Jim’s character is depicted as an uneducated â€Å"nigger† a few people have viewed this portrayal as bigot. I state, in any case, that the books primary objective was to alarm individuals of prejudice, and Clemens was simply remaining exact to the time in which the story happens. Jim is delineated as a slave in the south during a period when servitude was a usually rehearsed and broadly acknowledged lifestyle. Slaves in the mid 1800’s were not given any conventional training, never permitted any free idea and were continually abused and mishandled. The creator is just depicting how an undereducated slave talked back then and is giving an exact depiction of society’s attitude during this timeframe. Truth be told, Clemens’ message about blacks during this time was a flat out absolute opposite of prejudice. While Jim might be unlearned, he is the main character in the book that really comprehends loving. His ethics stay pristine all through the experiences, and he turns into a dad figure for Huck. Clemens utilizes the term â€Å"nigger† all through the book. However just through his characters lingo and not voluntarily is Jim ever alluded to as a â€Å"nigger.† He is only outlining the obliviousness of individuals in this time. The utilization of nigger is definitely an extremely libelous slang term that isn't socially adequate in present occasions. It is a word that holds nothing of significant worth for any dark American. The word’s importance is expressed by Funk and Wagn... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn One may ask why Mark Twain would decide to compose an abolitionist novel somewhere in the range of twenty years after the finish of the Civil War. By the mid 1880s, Reconstruction, the arrangement to put the United States back together after the war and incorporate liberated slaves into society, had hit some unstable ground, despite the fact that it had not yet flopped out and out (that wouldn't happen until 1887, three years after the distribution of Huck Finn). In any case, as Twain chipped away at his novel, race relations, which appeared to be on a positive way in the years following the Civil War, by and by got stressed; Jim Crow laws, intended to confine the intensity of blacks in the South, started another, guileful exertion to persecute. Twain settled on an incredible choice when he decided to portray a framework that did not exist anymore, while doing so could simply lead the unsympathetic peruser to guarantee that things had improved for blacks. One approach to examine this choice is to peruse servitude as a figurative portrayal of the state of blacks in the United States considerably after the annulment of bondage. Similarly as subjugation puts the respectable and good Jim heavily influenced by the white man, regardless of how corrupted that white man might be, so too did the more guileful prejudice that emerged close to the furthest limit of Reconstruction abuse dark men for unreasonable and dishonest reasons. Be that as it may, the new bigotry of the South, less organized and solid, was likewise significantly less simple to investigate. Subjugation was an extreme practice to legitimize; yet when white Southerners established supremacist laws or strategies under a pronounced rationale of self-preservation against recently liberated blacks, far less individuals, Northern or Southern, considered the to be as shameless. In uncovering the bad faith of subjugation, Twain showed how bigotry mutilates the oppressors as much as it does the individuals who are mistreated. Similarly as the South has never altogether gotten away from the heritage of servitude, this topic, verbalized so unpretentiously by Twain at such an early time, has kept on quickening Southern writ... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Twain, through this novel, uncovers a kid's introduction into masculinity. Huck's presence on the pontoon trains him about existence as it truly seems to be. At whatever point he goes on shore, he sees the remorselessness of society also, man's cruelty to his individual man. At the point when he comes back to the pontoon, he feels the tranquility of nature what's more, the honorability of the dark slave that shares his excursion. Southern culture has instructed Huck that slaves are sub-human animals without any sentiments, just a bit of property to be purchased and sold. Toward the start of the novel, Huck becomes tied up with this reasoning beyond a shadow of a doubt. He can hardly imagine how he is helping a nigger getaway to opportunity. It is against all that he has been instructed (and he knows Tom Sawyer would never do it.) Huck is astonished to discover that Jim thinks profoundly about his family, similarly as a white individual thinks about his (and more than Pap at any point thought about Huck.) He is considerably progressively stunned that Jim can have his sentiments hurt at the point when Huck pulls a prank on him. He never accepted that Blacks had sentiments. In any case, each time that Huck goes on shore, he loses a portion of his blamelessness; he starts to comprehend the bad faith of society. He sees the Grangerfords murdered by the Shephardsons, and he sees the Duke and Dauphin effectively trick the townspeople out of their cash. Intuitively, Huck understands that Jim is smarter and worth more than a significant number of the white individuals on shore. At the point when he is compelled to settle on a choice about turning Jim in or remaining by him, Huck chooses not to deceive his companion, regardless of whether it is against all that he has been educated by society and regardless of whether he goes to hellfire for it. Before the finish of the novel, Huck knows without a doubt than he can't fit into the edified lifestyle or participate in the false reverence of society. He realizes himself all around ok to acknowledge he should proceed onward. Subsequently, toward the finish of the novel, he sets out for new grounds toward the west, looking for a spot that offers truth and freedom.... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Odd notions in Huckleberry Finn In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, there is a ton of strange notion. A few instances of strange notion in the novel are Huck slaughtering an insect which is misfortune, the hair-ball utilized to tell fortunes, and the clatter snake skin Huck contacts that brings Huck and Jim great and misfortune. Odd notion assumes a significant job in the novel Huck Finn. In Chapter one Huck sees an insect creeping up his shoulder, so he flipped it off and it went into the fire of the light. Prior to he could get it out, it was at that point withered. Huck didn't require anybody to reveal to him that it was an awful sign and would give him terrible karma. Huck got frightened and shook his garments away, and turned in his tracks multiple times. He then attached a lock of his hair with a string to fend the witches off. You do that when you've lost a horseshoe that you've found, rather than nailing it up over the entryway, yet I hadn't ever heard anyone state it was any approach to keep of misfortune when you'd executed a spider.(Twain 5). In part four Huck sees Pap's impressions in the day off. So Huck goes to Jim to ask him for what reason Pap is here. Jim gets this show on the road hair-ball that is the size of a clench hand that he took from a bull's stomach. Jim asks the hair-ball; Why is Pap here? Be that as it may, the hair-ball won't answer. Jim says it needs cash, so Huck gives Jim a fake quarter. Jim puts the quarter under the hair-ball. The hair-ball converses with Jim also, Jim reveals to Huck that it says. Yo'ole father doan' know yit what he's a-gwyne to do. Now and then he spec he'll go 'way, en lair ag'in he spec he'll remain. De bes' way is tores' simple en let de ole man take his own particular manner. Dey's two edges hoverin' roun' 'session him. One uv'em is white en sparkling, en t'other one is dark. De white one gits him to go right a short time, d

Barriers to love Essays

Obstructions to cherish Essays Obstructions to cherish Paper Obstructions to cherish Paper Paper Topic: Writing The Scrutiny and Other Poems The Sonnets of John Milton The verse assortment gives us a bunch of instances of what number of need to confront boundaries to adore †a portion of our speakers battle, while many demonstrate love to be an indestructible power, for the most part observed by essayists during the previous periods who followed progressively conventional qualities, having faith in an all the more dignified style love, for example, Shakespeare in Sonnet 116. In any case, later on, for instance in the Victorian time frame, as conventions self-destructed and certain hindrances got more grounded than affection, individuals had lost confidence, for example, Remember. In the interim, in Atonement, McEwan takes us on an excursion through the affection for Robbie and Cecilia who figure out how to beat physical partition that many looked as of now because of the World War. He depicts a practical, yet solid association, demonstrating that even in the Modern occasions, love can beat hindrances. In the hour of the sixteenth century, during the Renaissance, when Shakespeare broadly distributed his assortment of works †including Sonnet 116 †boundaries to cherish were nearly observed as immaterial. Post plague, Shakespeare might be offering plan to the individuals who needed to clutch convention and religion, as the Renaissance denoted a period of new thoughts and a development away from the ordinary thoughts around adoration, which could be a lot of the same McEwan as in Robbie and Cecilia’s love was not gotten through the war times. In Sonnet 116, love can defeat all; at first, Shakespeare reinforces love by naming the sonnet after the structure it takes: a poem. Everything about this sonnet speaks to love, and nothing can hinder its, not even ‘tempests’, demonstrating how ground-breaking it is and how it can even conquer powers of nature. Society makes no limits as far as adoration inside this sonnet; the utilization of the representation of the ‘star’ connotes how love isn't confined and can be seen by all. In conclusion, we see Shakespeare joining representation to outline the unfading part of adoration and how it conquers the hindrance of time: ‘Love isn't Times Foole’. Obviously obstructions of adoration are believed to be effectively vanquished, as McEwan additionally depicts in his novel that endeavors to feature Modern Age love, consolidating practical situations, for example, the clumsiness in the library, and the issues looked because of war. Numerous lives were lost, and the narrative of Robbie and Cecilia could be viewed as a disaster, as we find they kick the bucket toward the end. In any case, our storyteller Briony permits their adoration to rise above death and live on through utilization of metafiction: ‘the darlings endure and flourish’, and on paper they do. Notwithstanding, McEwan highlights reality and how at times, we can lose the ones we love and there is no way around it. Religion was a serious deal preceding the Renaissance, however when science and new thoughts became an integral factor, their started addressing of the holy places authority. William Blake investigates how the congregation turns into the power that forestalls love and guiltlessness in his sonnet: ‘The Garden of Love’. Much similar John Milton’s renowned ‘Paradise Lost’, the sonnet sees religion in a basic way, suggesting a need to move away from regular Christian show. His utilization of ‘Thou will not’ is a type of etymological deviation to conjure a Biblical tone, and nearly derides the 10 precepts and considers religion to be a refusal of everything †even love itself. God, depicted as kind, has permitted ‘priests in dark gowns’, with dark meaning antagonism, to walk their ‘rounds’ and watch us †not all that cherishing all things considered. Our speaker utilizes inside rhyme to feature how his ‘desires’ are allegorically ‘binding with briars’, giving us a feeling that doing the things that you love bring about discipline. Here, adoration is confronted with a boundary that society has pushed onto individuals and Blake is obviously attempting to, alongside Milton, become mindful of this. In the interim, in Atonement, the possibility of status can be a boundary to cherish, for Robbie and Cecilia, however Jack and Emily as well. For higher classes, separate was disapproved of, so albeit Emily ‘did not wish to be told’ about Jack and his nonattendance, there was very little she could do. In the interim, Robbie and Cecilia had ‘known each other since they were seven’, yet she asserted ‘everything he did expected to separate her’ in light of the fact that he took off his shoes to avoid dirtying the floor. Unmistakably, there was pressure because of differing status, keeping the two separated for such a long time. Along these lines, an unmistakable boundary to cherish, and from proceeding onward to keep on adoring, is status in Modern occasions. At long last, we have the Scrutiny, composed by Richard Lovelace, who investigates the obstruction to adore: desire and the need to extend skylines as far as being with others. During the time, he, much indistinguishable different artists, for example, Donne, went to carpe diem verse. For the speaker, he ‘must all other Beauties’ †utilizing goals to imply the significance of experience before settling down. The unlimited open doors he has allegorically pushes him to turn into a ‘skilful mineralist’, speaking to his need to gather an assortment of things (ladies). Weariness had nearly become a boundary to cherish, just as narrow-mindedness. Then, we can comparably observe that Jack, in Atonement, has too exploited different alternatives and has taken to undermine his better half. We likewise observe Lola wedding her ‘rapist’, inferring that self-centeredness, yet disgrace can be an obstruction to adore because of the narrow-mindedness of others. Generally speaking, hindrances of affection are seen to both inconsequential, and furthermore extraordinary. Romantic tales turned out to be ever harder to compose, and McEwan has overseen, by setting his novel toward the start of the twentieth century, where numerous hindrances must be confronted, and love was tested by war, detachment of families and couples, and the battles of status and decisions of society. In this way, he has demonstrated that it is so natural to adore in the 21st century, and how conceivably love is a lot more fragile as it doesn't need to conquer any noteworthy hindrances, consequently why 42% of relationships end in separate. The sonnets can investigate numerous hindrances to cherish, and various methodologies are taken on: conventional love that beats all, affection that is taken by new thoughts, for example, the congregation, and a progressively narrow minded and pompous interpretation of adoration.

Trileptal Side Effects in Bipolar Disorder

Trileptal Side Effects in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Trileptal Side Effects in Bipolar Disorder Common and Serious Side Effects and Comparison to Its Sister Drug By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 11, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights PM Images / Getty Images Trileptal, generic name oxcarbazepine, is an anti-seizure medication that is sometimes used to treat bipolar disorder â€" although its effectiveness is still somewhat unclear. Like any medication, there are potential side effects. Lets review these possible side effects so you feel prepared if starting this medication. Common Side Effects Common side effects are ones that are most frequently seen in people who take Trileptal. According to the FDA, common side effects of Trileptal include: DizzinessSleepinessDouble vision or other problems with visionFeeling tiredNausea and/or vomitingAtaxiaStomach painTremblingRashInfections â€" especially in children Likewise, in a 2011 review study in the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews on the use of Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) in people with bipolar disorder, the most frequent side effects reported were dizziness, sedation, and blurry vision. Serious Side Effects One serious side effect of Trileptal is that it can cause the sodium in your blood to be low, a condition called hyponatremia. According to the FDA, symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea, low energy, headache, confusion, or seizures. It seems that people are most at risk of developing low sodium in their blood in the first 12 weeks of taking Trileptal. Another potential serious side effect is an allergic reaction. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may or may not include a rash, swelling of the face, eyes, lips, or tongue, or problems breathing. Serious and potentially fatal rashes can occur as a result of taking Trileptal, like Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Trileptal can also affect the liver and blood cells. Symptoms or signs of these side effects may include yellowing of the skin or eyes, unusual bruising or bleeding, severe fatigue or weakness, severe muscle pain, or frequent infections or infections that dont go away. Finally, similar to other anti-seizure medications, Trileptal may lead to thoughts or actions of suicide, This side effect is rare, occurring in about 1 in 500 people, according to the FDA. That being said, seek emergency medical attention or call 911 if you experience this side effect. Do Trileptal and Tegretol Have Similar Side Effects? Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) is an analog to Tegretol (carbamazepine), meaning they share a similar chemical structure. Both are anti-seizure medications and Tegretol (carbamazepine) is also used sometimes to treat bipolar disorder. While they have similar side effect profiles, there are some subtle differences, according to a 2011 review study in the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. For instance, a rash is less common with oxcarbazepine than with carbamazepine. Still, about a third of people who are allergic to carbamazepine are also allergic to oxcarbazepine. So please tell your doctor if you have had an allergic reaction before to Tegretol (carbamazepine). Also, hyponatremia may be more common in people who take oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine, especially if that person is older and has a low blood sodium level at baseline. What to Do If You Experience Side Effects From Taking Trileptal First and foremost, never start or stop a medication without first seeing your physician. Also, be sure to follow up with your physician once you are prescribed a medication. Its also important to know that other side effects not listed above may occur in some people. This is not intended to be an all-inclusive list or to replace information provided by your personal doctor. If you notice any other side effects or have any concerns when taking Trileptal, please check in with your doctor.

Theme Of Cruelty In Classical Mythology - 923 Words

In classical mythology we encounter numerous myths that contain god and human interaction however, in these myths we clearly see the same concept of cruelty repeat itself. We not only see gods being cruel to humans but to other gods as well. Although they were deities they contained human qualities such as their violence and jealousy, these gods had no set of morals and believed themselves better than others. This theme of cruelty is exemplified in numerous myths such as Niobe, Arachne and as well as Heracles. Although their acts of cruelty were unfair and irrational they were justified in the end because of their superiority. This cruelty of the gods shows us that the Greeks believed they were better than others because although these†¦show more content†¦Although both these stories consist of mortals boasting that they are better than the gods they received vigorous punishment which shows us the excessive power gods had on humans and their acts of cruelty. In addition, go ds were not only cruel and violent to humans but to other gods as well. We see the same acts of violence and irrationalaty in the myth of Heracles where the concept of cruelty is exemplified as well. Hercules was the son of Zeus however, once Hera Zeus’ wife found out of this â€Å"illegitimate† child she was exasperated and sought out to destroy him (The Life of Hercules in Myth Legend). From the moment he was about to be born she tried to stop him from even existing however failed. Despite the fact that he still was a baby she tried killing him and failed once more, yet kept on trying to destroy his life as we see throughout his story. As Hercules grew up to be a strong and influential man Hera had noticed and devised for him to lose his popularity among the humans. This scheme consisted of her deranging him so that he could kill all his children and his wife as well. However, the people forgave him and this led her to scheme against him once more by driving him mad and making him kill his best friend Iphitus. As a result of Hera’s jealousy and lust for vengeance Hercules was remembered as a heroic figureShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Romantic Movement929 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolution in France (Greenblatt 1412). Although politics played a large role in shaping the Romantic Era, it was also largely about â€Å"the recovery from obscurity of the medieval romances, previously ignored by literary historians more concerned with classical influences† (Greenblatt 1412). Romantics wrote stories of imagination, love, chivalry, nature, and adventure. A couple poets who greatly influenced this literary movement were William Blake and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 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Such a reading brings together Renaissance attitud es to the revivification of classical mythology in the context of Christian neo-platonic doctrine, reinforces our expectations concerning the Shakespearean love ethic which, in the world of the comedies, ideally â€Å"looks not with the eyes but with the mind,† and attains contemporary pungencyRead MoreEssay on Mythology1840 Words   |  8 PagesMythology The origin of the universe can be explained by modern astronomers and astrophysicists, while archaeologists and historians try to clarify the origin of human societies. In the distant past, however, before any sciences existed, the beginnings of the world and of society were explained by MYTHOLOGY. The dictionary defines mythology as the myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people. 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The organisational behaviour of team work in oranisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3281 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The assignment brings out the discussion over the organisational behaviour in life experience of team work in organisation or in classroom activities. Organisational behaviour in a team work plays a vital role and it is the topic has been discussed for a very long time and now nearly everyone knows about its concepts. Simply the organisations wont perform but the one person or many people. When it comes to organisations there should be a team work and perform individuals cant perform whatever they want in an organization they have to form a team and perform individually as well as teams. So when forming a team, organizational behaviour influences toward its success. Organizational Behaviours is the key aspect to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst people in the organizations. Other attributes like leadership, motivation, decision making, openness to discuss problems, challenge-initiative is all in the base concept of Organizationa l behaviour to help the business achieve its strategic and in some business objectives. The proper definition of organizational behaviour with its understanding and management has resulted in development of few key offshoots to the concept of Organizational behaviours In my view a personality behaviour means how can we describe a person, how this person differences from the others behaviour, how we can measure the characteristics and differences. Psychometrics is also the most important related to the assessment and measurement of the personality, aptitude, intelligence. It is like the unique character of the individual and measure and understands the differences between the individuals. I think the term itself indicates the properties of behaviour which are both enduring and set the individual apart from others. These properties concern the individuals typical ways of coping with life. I am going to explain a few words about the group because it will explain the importance of individual in the group. The group may spend a lot of time on the each stage, but some groups never reaching the final stages because the personality and levels of dominance of each member may play a large part in the failure or success of the group and its ability to progress through the different stages, the time goes by changes occur, such as new members joining the group or old members leaving the group may re-enter the cycle and begin the development of the process all over again. In this assignment i am going to use the Leadership theory and Motivation Maslows theory. These theories are best suitable for my opinions or views that are raised in my experience and i like those theories a lot so the two theories are chosen. Let me start with those theories Leadership theory A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Leadership is one of the most hotly debated topics in managem ent studies, social psychology and organisational psychology (Pfeiffer 1993). Despite the depth and breadth of debate concerning leadership effectiveness, it remains an elusive construct. As a result, researchers and practitioners have not reached a consensus on a true and concise definition that represents an accurate depiction of effective leadership in all situations and possibilities. The leadership is one of the effective concepts and well defined as: Treat people with politeness, respect and dignity and in doing so create a strong role model for others to follow. Building a reputation of fairness gives you a buffer against the times when the policy is wrong or you behave badly Gratton (2000:206) According to Nathan F. Iannone, leadership can be defined as the art of influencing, directing, guiding, and controlling others in such a way as to obtain their willing obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in accomplishment of an objective. Leadership is abo ut the future and about how do I tap into the group orientation (into what everybody shares). According to Jago (1982) the quality and the qualified, good leaders are not born instead they are made with the influenza ion of the training and the self-assessment, developing skills by improvising others. The natural people ability is also evaluated as a measure of walk their talk. The fascination of the leadership is much higher in terms of the charismatic leader. The leadership based on this charismatic model is really being focused towards the vision and also the ability and the talents are naturally born and also termed as gift. The natural leader adapts the tapping of their inner resources and also natural leaders are more often generalist (Stonefield, 1992:3). The leadership theory based on this contingency model states that there is no particular model of leadership which suits as appropriate in all times of situation. The variables are the basic elements and the prelimi nary components which determine the success rather than the leadership style which we intend to follow or insist. The leadership has a quality in order to follow the vital roles and also in order to perform the action depending and assessing the situation through various means (Cherry, 2010). The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as outgoing, kind and even-tempered. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. Unlike many other theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic or humanistic theories, the trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits forms a perso nality that is unique to each individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics. According to Offer Mann, Hanges and Day (2001) much of the discourse on the internal characteristics of leadership over recent years has focused on values and ethics. They argue that disillusionment and a lack of confidence in political leadership have been generated by the particular values that political leaders use to motivate their actions. As a result, Offermann, Hanges and Day (2001) claim that the world is more aware of the importance that values play in leadership effectiveness and success. In addition, it has been shown that particular types of leaders attract different followers depending on their value types (Ehrhart Klein 2001). McShane (2001) argues that in order to motivate, influence, be liked and respected, a leaders values need to align themselves with those of their employees and to reflect integrity, honesty, compassion a nd assertiveness. The contingency leadership is one of the effective leadership techniques and also has an ability to act as a vital tool in establishing the focus on variables in an environment in order to determine the situations which really opt for our behaviour in any kind of situation. The leadership theory based on this contingency model states that there is no particular model of leadership which suits as appropriate in all times of situation. The variables are the basic elements and the preliminary components which determine the success rather than the leadership style which we intend to follow or insist. The leadership has a quality in order to follow the vital roles and also in order to perform the action depending and assessing the situation through various means (Cherry, 2010). My definition of Leadership is being able to: inspire others, motivate, set a vision, communicate, respect others, and lead by example. A leader must have an honest understanding of who the y are, what they know, and what they are capable of. To be successful person you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your superiors. In my opinion this can build confidence in your followers in their faith in you to be able to lead. Followers Different person require different styles of leadership. For example, a company I was working requires more supervision than an experienced employee. A person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than anyone with a high degree of motivation. You must know your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human nature, such as needs, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your employees be, know, and do attributes. Communication Communication is the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another person; it involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receive. What and how you communicate either builds or harms the relationsh ip between you and your employees. Situation Situations are different from all time. Leader is an individual who can use different leadership styles based on the situations .decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee for inappropriate behaviour, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective. Also note that the situation normally has a greater effect on a leaders action than his or her traits. This is because while traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency across situations (Mischel, 1968). This is why a number of leadership scholars think the Process Theory of Leadership is a more accurate than the Trait Theory of Leadership. Every organisation is subdivided into two different categories such as formal and informal. The organisation when seen as external spectator i t appears to be formal with its will defined mission statement, policies and procedure and organisation structure charts, but this is just the tip of the great iceberg floating underneath in the form of informal organisation which a manger has to face. This informal organisation includes informal leaders which have no formal authority given by organisation but they have their influence on many employees, to maintain good relation with such informal leaders as sometimes they can help in getting things done. Internally organisation is subdivided into many groups based on their nature of job, their ethnicity, their culture, their language having their own norms and sentiments managers need to identify such groups and make consistent effort to maintain peace in groups by serving the role of mediator, for smooth running of organisation. Organisation consist of another route of power which can be said as counter organisation, that can be seen in the form of labour unions which are formed to keep check on organisation and make sure that profit hungry organisation dont exploit them. Such counter organisations are needed to be handled with great care. It can be said informal organisations are formed by the people of organisation to satisfaction of their cultural needs and a sense of personal identity and personal belonging. It also provides means to highlight deficiencies in the formal organisation such as excess time taken to complete a task. MASLOW THOERY OF MOTIVATION Motivation is a fundamental driving force behind people behaviour and performance. When the research was done to explain different aspects of motivation from an organisational behavioural perspective many theories or models used to describe the topic of motivation basically it is described as the extent to which persistent effort is directed towards a goal. It is very important to know about different types of motivation theories and their implementation in a group or organisation. These motivati on theories specify the kinds of needs people has and condition in which they would want to exemplify these needs. Motivation can be internal or external. Example of external motivation is Deadlines. The fear of losing a contract or of not finishing a job on time you started is an example of internal motivation. Both internal and external motivation can be equally powerful. Why i am using this Maslows theory to reflect on my behaviour in group situations. This theory comes under content theories of motivation. There is significant relationship between behaviour and motivation particularly between group and individuals. Motivations of group have a serious impact on individual behaviour likewise the motivation of an individual can have serious impact on group. Abraham Maslow theory was proposed by Dr. Abraham Maslow in 1943, this theory is general overview of human motivation. His theory strikes a distinctive sense of balance between biological and social needs that integrates m any motivational concepts. According to Maslow individual needs are set in a hierarchy, and everyone must satisfy their basic needs before they can satisfy their higher needs. The hierarchy is many times portrayed, as a pyramid beginning with physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top of this pyramid. The needs at the lower level are the most basic. These basic needs must be satisfy well before an individual can become concern with the higher needs like physiological needs, safety needs, security needs, social needs, law and affection, esteem needs. These needs must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs deficiency needs. As long as we are motivated to satisfy these craving, people are moving toward growth, self-actualization, satisfying needs is healthy, which preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly. Gareth Morgan suggests that employees are people with complex needs that must be satisfied if they are to lead perform effectively in a work place. Employees perform best when they are motivated by task, which will earn them some reward that satisfies their personal needs. Abraham Maslows theory of motivation most widely famous as hierarchy of needs states that human needs when arranged in form of hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest, as soon as need at lower level gets completed, the need at next level servers to be a motivator. Maslow divided human needs into five main categories such as physiological which include basic needs for sustaining life like food, water, shelter and sleep. According to Abraham Maslow there are five different levels in hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing Needs Self-actualizing Needs is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of need. People are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. Esteem Needs Esteem needs include the things that reflect on self- esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment. Social Needs Social needs include belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, love, romantic attachments and families help fulfil this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community or religious groups. Security Needs Security needs include safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighbourhoods and shelter from the environment. Physiological Needs A physiological need is low needs. These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all nee ds become secondary until these physiological needs are met. Maslow was correct when he said that one need has to be fulfilled before we can move to the next one. Without sufficient amount sleep I wouldnt be able to think of nothing but sleep. Also if I am hungry food will be the only thing on my mind. But because each day I satisfy these basic needs I am able to think about other things because these needs are no longer controlling my thoughts. Next priority is given to security which includes freedom from physical danger and other fears like losing job, property, food, or shelter. Since people are social animals they need to belong, to be accepted by others, hence acceptance third in the list of needs. Once people satisfy their need to belong esteem needs emerge in the form of satisfactions as power, prestige, status and self-esteem and at last when all the other needs are satisfied need for self-actualization which is the desire to maximize ones potential and achieve someth ing. Applying this theory many organisations where suggested to motivate their employees by monetary gains or assuring security of their job. , Koontz, H, Weihrich (2008), Morgan (2006). There was a research conducted by Douglas T Hall and Khalil Nongame which studied needs of hierarchy involving a group of managers over a time span of five years. They found that there was no strong evidence of hierarchy, as managers get promoted in organisation their physiological needs tend to decrease, while on other hand needs for self-actualization tend to increase H, Koontz , H, Weihrich(2008). Upcoming flaws of Maslows theory the process theory of motivation stated, with the study of ones decision making process and determining how individual behaviour is energised, directed and maintained. The major process theory of motivation includes expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory and reinforcement theory. In my classroom activities I am relating this theorys to my classroom a ctivities in a group. When considered my experience in a group situation once while doing a group presentation in collage we all are five people. We had a 20 days time to presentation and from first day we all thought to meet at my place but no one turn up this happened many time every one say some other reason. It happened for all 19 day only 1 day left to submit the presentation than I thought to divide the task to my group members. Each one is assign a separate task and the task should complete before the particular schedule time. With this I emerge as leader that made me influenza ion as Leadership. Not only Leadership but also motivation In order to sleep tonight I have to complete my task of presentation before sleep. I need to satisfy my physiological need that is to sleep in time. I should complete the presentation before night CONCLUSION According to the trait theory the question arises of weather a leader is born or developed. There is no defined answer as many theor ists have different answers to this. Understanding the concepts from above of motivation its rewards systems as to how useful it is for a leader to understand how it can be utilized in getting work done from people, decision making and its importance in growing more efficient, managing change and adapting quickly to it, understanding human perceptions and how they affect management, understanding the value of power in an organization without which a leader is nothing, politics and control and the other factors finally lead towards the understanding that leaders are developed. Many individuals may be born with the skill to be a leader this does not prove that he grows up to be an effective leader. However he can develop the ability to become one. Experience and the urge to learn can help one become an efficient leader. According to my understanding a person might be born with natural abilities to become a leader. This assignment is very useful to assess my past behaviour to the pr esent behaviour and ways to develop the behaviour and to assess the performance by using these theories in a group. These are the two oldest theories what I used because older principles are the basic for anything i.e. the applications should follows the basic principle. Only few people are reached the self-actualization concept in the Leadership theory and Maslows theory. I am very much willing to taste that step. So I am going to putting my effort in this way and also looking the ways to develop. In my opinion if the group activities are conducted from the child hood they will be a very useful to the individual to improve their personality, behaviour and from that the concept of Leadership and motivation skills will also improve for the betterment of the future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The organisational behaviour of team work in oranisation" essay for you Create order

Uncle Tom’s Impact on 19th Century America Free Essays

For slaves, the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ensured their doom in the perpetual cruelty of the slave market. This Act protected the rights of slaveholders, requiring – by law – that all slaves who escaped to the North be returned to their original owners. This action by the United States government contributed significantly to the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. We will write a custom essay sample on Uncle Tom’s Impact on 19th Century America or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel was the first of its kind to express and fully embrace the idea that slavery should not be condoned. At the time this text was published, many Northerners took the pacifist approach by simply accepting the idea that â€Å"one person couldn’t change anything†, like St. Clare in the novel. Once this book was introduced to the Northern population, not only did it sell like hot cakes, but also it opened citizens’ eyes to the actual horrors occurring in the South, and under their same Constitution. They saw that merciless slave owners and continuous beatings left slaves with little hope and little faith. The sympathetic portrayal of slaves throughout the South lead many Northerners to side with the extreme abolitionists, which would soon create further tensions among the North and the South and eventually cause the friction prompting Southern states to secede and begin the Civil War. This progression of events inspired Abraham Lincoln’s famous quote to Harriet Beecher Stowe when he met her, â€Å"So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that caused this great war? † Although the original intent of this novel was to educate the unaware masses, Stowe fell into some stereotypes of black men. When â€Å"Black Sam† received the order from Mrs. Shelby to slow down the retrieval of Eliza so that she may escape, it is clear that he does not care whether Eliza gets to freedom, but is purely interested in whether, if he succeeds, he can take over the spot of â€Å"trusted slave† that Tom filled. Stowe basically describes him as the â€Å"comic† black figure. A â€Å"comic† black figure is drawn into the book for the amusement of the white audience, which, in itself is a horrifying thought. This portrayal shows him grinning dumbly and failing to use large words correctly. He also is screeching in broad dialect and â€Å"seems ready to break into an comic dance†. It seems as if, especially with the inclusion of the cartoon, Stowe was playing into overdrawn racial stereotypes of the day, and implying that only some slaves had the capacity to function normally in society while others could not. Although Stowe mocks Haley (the slave catcher and seller) in this chapter, it seems as if the representation of the average slave undermines the positive image she is attempting to draw for slaves such as Uncle Tom, Eliza and George Harris. Some points made in the novel were ironic to me. I thought it was interesting how being a â€Å"white n—-â€Å" was something undesirable in the slave community. When a large slave comes up to Adolph and said â€Å"Law, now, boys! dis yer’s one o’ yer white n—–s, — kind o’ cream color, ye know, scented! † The situation slaves were put them made them resent white people to such a degree that it was terrible to be a â€Å"white n—–â€Å". It is ironic also that they themselves used the term â€Å"white† with the derogatory term â€Å"nigger† to insult someone n their own community. One might have thought – given the ability whites had to roam free and easily – that being white was a good thing. Of course, being called â€Å"white† had more to do with the fact that these slaves associated â€Å"white n—-â€Å" as a portrayal of their oppressor, and by calling one of their own a â€Å"white n – – – – â€Å" they were lashing out at their oppressors and anyone who tried to emulate them. The idea of a â€Å"white n—-â€Å" also brings to mind how close these slaves are to their owners making the reader question â€Å"How different are these people that they can be considered property while I can be considered free? † No Doubt Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe had the power to turn average, every day, on the fence Americans into full-fledged abolitionists. Stowe was able to accomplish this by relating the oppressed slaves to people in every day life, whether it was through Eliza’s attachment to her son, or Tom’s embrace religion in the toughest of times. Stowe also shows that a girl who grew up in the heart of the South could show compassion for people she was raised to believe were so beneath her and so horrid. Her strength and faith – and her recognition that the key was to see slaves as people – also influenced those around her. Stowe’s fictional tale of Uncle Tom not only touched the heart of Northerners, it also touched Southerners, and – most importantly – it contributed to the commencement of a great civil war; one that would end with the emancipation of slaves everywhere. How to cite Uncle Tom’s Impact on 19th Century America, Essay examples

Sibling Rivalry as a Predominant Theme in The Book of Genesis free essay sample

This paper analyzes sibling rivalry relationships, drawing on specific case studies taken from the Book of Genesis. The following paper analyzes sibling rivalry relationships from two perspectives of analysis: that of structuralism and that of emphasizing the importance of the concept of sacrifice, drawing on the relationships of Jacob and Esau, Cain and Abel and Leah and Rachels, taken from the Book of Genesis. From the paper: One of the predominant themes in the Book of Genesis is that of sibling rivalry: We see in the pairs of Jacob and Esau, Cain and Abel and Leah and Rachel a series of oppositions presented to us in the form of these sibling relationships. This paper analyzes those relationships from two different perspectives. The first of these is the Structuralist one, which allows us to see these sibling relationships within the broader context of sacred and folk writings in a number of cultures and the second is within the framework of sacrifice as the ancient Jews understood this concept. We will write a custom essay sample on Sibling Rivalry as a Predominant Theme in The Book of Genesis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The climax of The Crucible is the personal crisis faced by John Proctor Essay Example For Students

The climax of The Crucible is the personal crisis faced by John Proctor Essay When Elizabeth is charged with witchcraft, John sacrifices his pride in an attempt to save her his pride which he held so dear, this shows the audience that he truly loves Elizabeth. Miller also portrays Elizabeths love for John by lying to try to protect him but this proved to be his undoing because John had told the court that his wife would never lie your wife you say is an honest woman in her life, sir, she never lied. It is very ironic indeed that her first lie causes Johns downfall. This could have been a pivotal part in the play because had she told the truth, Abigail would have been defeated but because of her lie, it spirals out of Johns control. The power of fear over Mary Warren caused her to accuse John of witchcraft when the other girls turned on her. In Act 4 a while after John Proctors imprisonment, it is evident that it is a broken man it is beyond sorrow weak he sits he is another man. Miller uses excellent stage directions because with a few well chosen words he manages to destroy the image of proctor when he was a physically strong man. We will write a custom essay on The climax of The Crucible is the personal crisis faced by John Proctor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Elizabeth feels she has to be strong for both of them and will not let her weakness or sorrow show catches a weakening in herself and drowns it not let herself be drowned in the sea that threatens her. Millers choice of words is very powerful because the word sea instead of tears portrays to the audience just how deep the sorrow she feels is which immediately makes the audience sympathize, if not empathize with the couple. Through adversity, their relationship changes, it made them stronger even though they were separated. John Proctor is desperately in need of Elizabeths judgement and approval unlike in Act 2. Elizabeth is not quick to judge but instead she tries to share the blame for the breakdown in their relationship it takes a cold wife to prompt lechery. This is very magnanimous of her because none of the blame was hers to take. They have thorough honesty with each other. The word The Crucible is a very good metaphor for this point in the play because as they forgive each other, they finally separate the impurities from their love. Proctors confession comes to be important to the authorities because of his reputation it is a weighty name; it will strike the village that proctor confess. If John confesses others will follow suit and it will show the court as being fair. Proctor is momentarily prepared to give a confession because he wanted to live for Elizabeth and she wants him to live but isnt prepared to tell him which way to go because she knew how important it was to John to see goodness in himself. When Proctor is asked to give names of people he saw with the devil, he refuses to give names I speak my own sins, I cannot judge another (crying out with hatred) I have no tongue for it. He feels he had no right to judge anyone when he himself isnt pure. The hatred he feels is towards the judges for making him give the confession and also towards himself for giving into it. Proctor refuses to let them have his signed confession because its his name and his name is his pride. He knows if the village sees his singed confession, his name will be blackened and the respect he was has will be gone how may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave my name! He knows he is singing to lies. He knows if his confession is nailed to the door he will be branded a liar, a witch and he will never be able to change it. I think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor he has finally forgiven himself, by not giving his name and he can leave with some dignity. He feels he has gotten back some of his integrity in front of God and he can be at peace with himself. .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 , .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .postImageUrl , .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 , .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45:hover , .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45:visited , .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45:active { border:0!important; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45:active , .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45 .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u83440d03f1354b3c7c47711e9ed69d45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On The Crucible By Arthur MillerThe actions of the other characters and the raw emotions Miller shows through the stage directions heightens the climax of the end of the play Parris: (in deadly fear) (Rushes out to the door to hold back his fate) Parris and Hale feel a sense of responsibility for the event unfolding before them (he drops to his knees) go to him take his shame away. The final drum roll crashes and the new sun is pouring in upon her face this signifies that as one thing ends, another begins. The new sun signifies new beginnings and sun brings life and hope, this means theres hope for Elizabeth and the rest of Salem.

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buy custom Education Revolution essay Education is one of the important processes in human life that people tend to through so as to pasue their long term dreams. In todays world, education is believed to be the power for it is the process that makes good men out of nothing. The world can only come into civilization with education of which without it, all the activities taking place in the world can stagnate as there are no educated and skilled personnel to manage them. In the American history Education is recognized as a very important process as they also believe that it is through education that their country or states can gain political social and economical stability. This made education to be referred to as the power due to the fact that it forms the basis of any good thing in the American history. Due to this significance that education has to the lives of people, very many strategies have been put forward to boost this process so as to continue serving many people. This paper mainly focuses on the history of the American and how the reacted to education since the colonial period to date. Due to the fact that education is power as many people placed it, it is believed to enhance peace of mind and thought. Not to forget is the expansion of the mind that in turn enables one to think and make correct decisions in life so as to make his or her life comfortable. During the colonial period, the whites were threatened by this thing called education for they believed that they would loose control over their slaves after they had fully got some bit of education. The also believed that the slaves would have their own perspective and way of approaching life. To them education was a very dangerous weapon that could enable the slaves to finally overpower them. This made the white to block the process of education for some time in America and any other region of which they controlled. The did not want the blacks to get even a d\single hint of education hence subjected them to some kind of hush treatments that could not create chance or allow room for education.. In the history of the Americans, education is said to have been dominated by various groups of people who were bound by social relationships. There came a time in the History of the Americans that slaves could get some little privilege of expressing themselves from the spport of education. An educated slave could distinguish what was wrong and right for him or herself hence could find alternative ways of withdrawing him or herself from the bondage of slavery. Though they tried to get educated but they could not still fully manage it as they got a lot of pressure from their masters who were against their education. Not all the whites were against the slaves education but only to a few who felt they could be left with a huge gap to fill especially when it came to the fulfillment of their desires. Some of the whites wanted to achieve some of their set targets and objectives through the slaves. Though some wanted the slaves to be free, there were still some problems that they though woul d arise due to the fact that most of the slaves were blacks and they thought that the literacy of the blacks would make some proof to slavery as the master mainly benefited from the services offered buy their slaves. As far as this matter of slave education was concerned, a sound warning was passed by South Carolina in the year 1770 targeted those white who engaged the black slaves in the education system. The warning that was passed prevented the black slaves from learning as anyone white who could be seen to have involved in such an act, was to face a sever punishment that gave him or her an option of paying a given amount of dollars. Due to this stern warning issued by Southern Carolina, the slaves and other whites who were not impressed by the issue of slavery, involved in this act at night or in secret places where these whites could teach some of the slaves how to read and write. The wives of their masters also offered some little support to the in terms of education but not fully. The children of the slaves could also sneak to various places of secrecy such as churches where they could learn how to read and write. This is how some of the slaves who managed to bring freedom to their race ma de it in terms of education. After some time or a given duration of time from the time the Southern Carolina issued a warning, many schools in the southern states of America ceased from admitting black children as they were afraid of the policies that governed the warning. The only way these children were to learn was through some religious institutions that also had an aim of divert their beliefs of the slaves to in terms of religion. It is through religion that many blacks managed to get some bits of knowledge for they were given the opportunity to learn how to read and write so as to understand more about religion. In religious institutions the blacks were safe as they had no pressure from any side. This is so because religion tends to operate on its own and had its own policies and regulations that governed it. It became very difficult to do criticize or punish religious organization because it consisted on very many members that became very difficult to punish. Very many white teachers were punished due to matters pertaining to the blacks education making various learning institutions involve in a forced act of racial discrimination. Learning itself from all these experiences can be said to have come a long way though it is still not fully set in some of the developing countries in the world. Education started long time ago even if nobody had realized that it existed. It started as an informally in various societies where children were only taught the basics of life and how they could go about them. This applied to both the white and black societies as it is the general basis of education in the present world. The first people to be educated or to know more about education were the whites who in turn used the little knowledge they had gained to take control over some countries in the world. It is also from the white that other countries or states in the world came to learn more about education. As per them, learning did not have a difficult beginning as they had free time and no pressure attached to their learning systems. The problem only began with other races where they could not allow them to get free education having fear that they might at one time overpower them. America as a state that combines all races together came to get basic education from various religious institutions. Education in todays world has really revolutionized making to favor all. It has been going some changes and improvements over the last centuries and has today reached a level where it can go hand in hand with technology. It began informally and has today advanced to high levels that is very important to the economies of every country in the world. Buy custom Education Revolution essay

Cheating Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cheating - Research Paper Example Academic integrity refers to the responsibility and honesty in academics. Tutors use assignments to help them gauge whether a student has understood a concept or not. In addition, the tutor further grades the students according to their performance. Academic misconduct refers to all dishonest and prohibited ways where a student tries to receive a higher grade in the academics (Soles 306). Misconduct leads to false misrepresentation of student knowledge and skills, and this undermines the tutors’ ability to gauge the performance of a student. Plagiarism involves the use of another person’s original words or image without giving proper credit. It involves presenting someone else’s work as if it is your own. Depending on the institutions policies and regulations, plagiarism attracts certain consequences ranging from rejection of the results or complete expulsion from the institution. Plagiarism can be either intentional due to student’s lack of knowledge on research or unintentionally due to the ignorance of the student (Ellis 259). Citation and referencing are other important rules of academic integrity. The two rules come with different styles, and they differ according to the institution. The primary used methods include the Harvard referencing system and the Vancouver referencing system. Institutions have come with their writing formats that the faculty and the students must adhere to. Some of the most popular formats include among others, American psychology association, modern learning association. The basis of all these formats is on Vancouver system or the Harvard system. Creating a climate of integrity within an institution is the most indispensable task of ensuring academic integrity. To make the task less challenging, organizations should follow the existing guidelines and policies on academic integrity (Gabriel 1). In addition, ensuring timely dissemination of information to new students and the faculty will

Analytical Tools Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analytical Tools - Case Study Example This makes the analysis important in that it supports the process of by which the events are reported, investigated and relevant actions taken to help avoid the incidence (Ferrer & Thurman, 2009).   The identified airline flight data in my case study is events data report. This is a data that has all the events that took place during the flight process. This type of data is useful since it provides the actual occurrence of the journey with other airlines that take the same route. These include the prior preparations of the journey. These prior preparations include carrying the safety materials and equipment for the assurance of getting to the destination. This reports that contain data are carefully filled and safeguarded by the operations personnel of a particular flight. They are then incorporated in the flight data monitoring or the flight operational quality assurance program (Ferrer & Thurman, 2009).   Occurrence reports are contained in most of the airlines and are managed by the ground personnel. Today the safety tools are both conducted and applied by the ground personnel as opposed to the few years ago whereby the tools were only used by the cabin crew and personnel (Ferrer & Thurman, 2009).   Some airlines have gone a mile further to supplement the safety tools with confidential human factors reporting systems. The tools attend more to human factors as opposed to the details that are found in the typical airline reports. The reports are particularly encouraged by the crew members of the flight by exchanging the relevant safety information. This is one particular way of coordinating the information by getting the right one (Ferrer & Thurman, 2009).   Digital flight data is electronic in nature and hence easily transferable for long distances. These are the data that are recorded by the radar and hence worked upon. This particular data can be kept on very many airlines at a particular

Expression of Cathepsin-D in Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors

Expression of Cathepsin-D in Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors The expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors: an immunohistochemical study Abstract Aim: Cathepsin-D, a protease, which is an invasion promoter and plays a central role in solid tumors including oral cancer. Our aim of the study was to look for their expression pattern in epithelium and stroma of odontogenic cysts and tumors and correlate their aggressiveness to the staining intensity. Methods: To elucidate the expression patterns of this marker, we examined immunohistochemically on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections of 24 odontogenic cysts and 10 odonogenic tumors, which are received for histopathologic examination in the department of oral pathology, the Oxford Dental college and hospital, Bangalore. Results: The epithelium of granular cell ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst showed maximum staining, with spillage of stained material in the connective tissue wall and at the separation of epithelium to capsule in odontogenic keratocyst, compare to other cysts and tumors. Conclusions: Cathepsin-D could be one of the enzyme important in separation of epithelium and connective tissue in odontogenic keratocyst which helps in recurrence and intense expression in granular cell ameloblastoma with spillage into stroma, compare to other odonogenic tumors may explain its aggressive behavior, recurrence and metastatic potential. To further validate our findings it is suggested to use more sample size and monoclonal antibody for cathepsin-D. Key words: Cathepsin-D, odontogenic cysts, odontogenic tumors, immunohistochemistry. INTRODUCTION: Odontogenic cysts and tumors constitute an important aspect of oral and maxillofacial pathology. Odontogenic cysts are encountered relatively common in dental practice and tumors by contrast are uncommon lesions. These lesions are of clinical significance because of their biological behavior. Various attempts to categorize morphological features to relate the biological activity have been made over the years1. It is well established that the cysts of histologenic labeling of odontogenic keratocyst are more aggressive tending to behave more like a sub-malignant tumor1-6. It has also been suggested that cysts other than odontogenic keratocyst showing keratinization if not more locally aggressive tend to have a pre-disposition to neoplastic change7.There have been attempts to correlate follicle size with aggression in ameloblastoma and morphologically different granular cell variant has been known to be more clinically aggressive, showing metastatic potential8. Numerous studies on the e nzyme histochemistry of odontogenic cysts and tumors have been conducted over the years for the expression of oxidative enzymes NADH2 and NADPH2, G6PD, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphates, leucineamino peptidase and ATPase9, 10. The epithelial lining of all the varieties of cysts showed a weak reaction for leucineamino peptidase a lysosomal protease, but there was a strong positivity in the lamina propria of odontogenic keratocyst. Similar studies on follicular ameloblastoma have showed ATPase activity in the peripheral and central cells of the follicle9. Based on these we made an attempt to study the expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors, by grouping them into locally aggressive and non-aggressive based on their clinical and radiographic features. Cathepsin-D is a proteolytic enzyme that belongs to a family known as aspartic proteases. Many homologies in the amino acid sequence have been shown to exist among the members of this group of enzymes, which includes pepsin, gastricin and rennin. Like other enzymes cathepsin-D has been shown to be synthesized in the precursor form. The enzyme itself is a glycoprotein of approximate molecular weight 52 KD and has an optimum pH of 3.5. Cathepsin-D was present in many of the normal tissue including epithelium, fibroblast and macrophages11. The physiologic role of cathepsin-D is believed to be involved in self-destruction of senescent or damaged epithelial cells12. As cathepsin-D is an intracellular lysosomal aspartic protease apart from its role in protein catabolism through the degradation of endocytosed protein. Cathepsin-D has attracted clinical attention because of it’s over expression in variety of diseases. Increased levels of these enzymes have been reported to be an indic ator of aggressive behavior in human tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma13. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue used in the study was biopsy material submitted to department of oral pathology, The Oxford Dental College, Hospital and Research centre, Bangalore. Total sample size taken was from 34 patients which comprised of 9 Ameloblastoma (1 plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma), 7 odontogenic keratocyst, 1 adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, 11 Radicular cysts and 6 Dentigerous cysts which were grouped into locally aggressive and non aggressive based on their clinical and radiologic features like size and extent of lesion, peripheral cortication, scalloping and root resorption. *This particular radicular cyst was an extensive lesion extending from the maxillary canine to the third molar extending into and destroying the maxillary sinus and had caused root resorption from canine to second molar without causing any bony expansion. The initial clinical impression was that of a malignancy arising in the maxillary sinus. METHODOLOGY: Formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections of odontogenic cysts and tumors were stained by hematoxylin and eosin stain, the serial sections of the same was studied by Immuno histochemistry procedure using cathepsin-D and observed under the microscope for the intensity of cathepsin-D staining expression or non- expression. Controls were prepared by omitting primary antibody. A grading system for intensity of expression was devised and used. Antibody used: Polyclonal rabbit anti-human primary cathepsin-D, 7ml ready to use (DAKO Corporation N1625). Denmark Biotinylated anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, anti-goat Igs, LINK/secondary antibody, 15 ml ready to use. (DAKO LSAB+ system, K0679). Streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. (DAKO LSAB+ system, K0679). Liquid Diamino benzidine chromogen. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS: All odontogenic cysts and tumors were observed for intensity of cathepsin-D stain in epithelium and stroma/ connective tissue capsule by categorized into mild, moderate and marked staining. Statistical analysis was done using students T test. Table 1 shows number of cases in which cathepsin-D shows mild, moderate and marked staining in various epithelial layers and stroma. Table 2 shows statistical relation of staining intensity of cathepsin-D in each layer and stroma/capsular wall between each odontogenic cysts. Table 3 shows statistical relation of staining intensity of cathepsin-D in each layer and connective tissue stroma between each odontogenic tumors. DISCUSSION The idea of immunohistochemistry staining for a lysosomal protease cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors of varying biological behavior pattern was with the hope that it could contribute to a better understanding of metabolic processes that are responsible for that behavior. Traditionally we have always focused on the epithelium in odontogenic cysts and epithelial tumors. Much like the mesmerizing effect of giant cells in giant cell lesions, the epithelium in odontogenic cysts and epithelial tumors has held a magnetic quality for research workers. The epithelial component dictates the diagnosis, but the role of connective tissue wall and the stromal cells in tumors has not always been given due consideration. The epithelium is not always at the advancing front of these lesions as is especially seen in case of cysts. In this study in addition to the epithelium we also looked at the expressivity of cathepsin-D in the connective tissue and stromal cells. In granular cell ameloblastoma we observed marked staining pattern in the cytoplasm of the granular cells, often spilling into the connective tissue which may contribute to the aggressive nature of the lesion and its propensity for metastasis (Fig 1a 1b). As compared to the granular cell ameloblastoma other odontogenic tumor types such as follicular, unicystic, plexiform ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (Fig 2a 2b) showed less intense staining pattern and the staining was restricted to cytoplasm of these epithelial cells with minimal stromal staining. Apart from the granular cell ameloblastoma we could not derive any correlation between clinical behaviour and cathepsin-D expression. Among the 3 cyst types we found a characteristic epithelial staining pattern in odontogenic keratocyst in comparison to radicular and dentigerous cysts. Among 7 odontogenic keratocyst only one case showed superficial granular staining of the epithelial cells with no separation of epitheliu m from connective tissue. In all other cases we observed granular staining through the full thickness of the epithelium, more in the basal and supra-basal layers, with intense/marked staining at the region of separation of epithelium from connective tissue with granular staining pattern in separation zone (fig 3a 3b). In dentigerous cysts there was only superficial staining of epithelium. The radicular cysts showed uniform staining in the entire length of epithelium (fig4). In the one radicular cyst which was clinically more aggressive; a similar pattern of staining was observed. Though the epithelial staining in radicular cysts was almost similar to that seen in odontogenic keratocysts we did not find any areas of cleavage between epithelium and connective tissue. In the odontogenic keratocyst the staining pattern though similar to the radicular cysts, in the area of split the staining was very intense, and some stained material was noticed in the space between the epithelium and the connective tissue leading to the speculation that the increased expression may contribute to the split, which may have prognostic consequences in terms of recurrence by way of cleaving of epithelium at the time of attempted enucleation or biopsies . In addition to variations in staining patterns of the epithelial lining of the different types of cysts, their walls showed variation in staining from the epithelial end to the bony end .All the cyst types showed expressivity in the immediate sub-epithelial region as well as the bony end of the cyst wall. The intensity of staining progressively increased from the dentigerous cyst through the radicular cyst to the odontogenic keratocyst. The intermediate zone showed relatively scanty expression. This pattern of increasing expression seemed to correlate with increasing aggression. The one radicular cyst grouped in the list of aggressive lesion showed intense staining in the most peripheral areas similar to that seen in the odontogenic keratocyst. All the inflammatory cells seen in connective tissue wall and keratin of the surface layer and granules of granular layer of odontogenic cysts showed intense staining. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study on expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors although studies on various other lysosomal enzymes like leucineaminopeptidase etc have been published. Hence it may be presumptuous on our part to make claims on the role of cathepsin-D in aggressive behaviour of odontogenic cysts and tumors, however that there is perceptible variation in expression would suggest that additional efforts in the area may help to understand the metabolic processes that lead to aggressive behaviour. Another area open for exploration is precystic epithelium as in the case of periapical granulomas and the role of these enzymes in cystogenesis. Acknowledgements: Dr. Srivasta MDS (for statistical analysis). Professor, Sri Rajiv Gandhi Dental College and hospital, R T Nagar, Bangalore-94.

Developing Effective Teamwork in Organizations Essay

There are many different opinions and definitions of organizational structure. Structure in a sense is the arrangement of the functions used to do the work. Thompson said the structure â€Å"is the inner structure of the differentiation and the relations.† He referred to the structure as the means by which the organization sets boundaries and limits for the effective performance of its members, by the definition of responsibilities, resource control and other issues. Katz and Kahn said that â€Å"the structure is a series of interconnected events that occur, fill and renew a cycle of activities.† Culture, in an organizational context, can generally regard as the sum of a group or as a nation to think, believe, feel and act can be defined. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. More formal culture includes acquired as a complex whole, knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits of the members of a society. A corporation may be represented by the members of a nation as well as of members of an organization. Organizational structure and culture of the Uni-Lever Brothers Organizational structure called Unilever is common hybrid. The company operates three regions of the division: two product segments and five functional segments. They developed a simple structure to communication processes and effective use of available resources for the growth of the organization to accelerate. Company executives set up consists of six layers of the junior managers (local officials) to the Manager of the fifth year (the managers Unilever). Apart from this, the company employs many non-executives and cooperatives working in factories. As a multinational company Unilever a common culture for their activities has developed. They believe that all the people who work for their business and their ability to grow. The corporate culture is to believe in the ideas and support. Be a diversified company, they need to create a common working environment by combining carefully the needs of different people, so that they are motivated and proud to work for the company. Unilever is to develop a high commercial principles and code of ethics for the company a good reputation in the industry. Organizational structure and culture of Shaheen PHARMACEUTICALS Shaheen Pharmaceuticals is a drug known and reputable with more than 350 employees from different regions. Shaheen Pharmaceuticals has the distinction of being the first organization in the Swat Valley, which has received ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management is one of the famous and recognized IIC organization in Dubai received, UAE-based Arab countries and the Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand (JAS-ANZ) in 2007. Shaheen in recent years has initiated the implementation of the reform of the human resources in a structured way. Shaheen Pharmaceuticals successfully the process of human resources development at the beginning, with the changing needs of the organization of knowledge, skills and competencies aligned started. Shaheen pharmacy have a management style, the traditional functional departments are available to perform various activities of the organization. DIFFERENCE OF THE TWO ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES AND CULTURES The organizational structure of the Uni-Lever Brothers is a functional the functional structure, the structure is constructed so that each part of the Organization grouped according to their purpose. Functional Structure is well suited for small businesses, in each case where department can count on the talent and expertise of its employees and support. However a disadvantage of a functional Structure the coordination and communication between Services may be limited by the boundaries of the organization have different departments working separately as in the case of Uni-Lever Brothers. Shaheen has a pharmaceutical organization chart the format of a functional structure, but the difference in the two Top organizational structure uni-lever is that brothers have a hybrid Form. These organizations will help projectized Departments. Often report directly to the project Head or as a separate functional group to support specific Functions. The main advantage that a hierarchical organization. The communication overhead reduced, as each team has a Superiors and subordinates. TASK 1b IMPACT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE ON THE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE Unilever has such a multi-domestic strategy of decentralization of strategic and operational decisions in every country that the product can be adapted to local preferences. Unilever global geographic structure has its food area that it can be adapted in different countries on trends and consumer demand regionalized. In addition, the company has developed a growth strategy as a â€Å"path of growth† that. During pruning it’s 400 brands of 1600 brands with fierce competition in the world of multinational and national companies to accelerate growth in the next five years. The company has taken to prevent significant restructuring and organizational changes with the organization’s goals. Alignment with senior management goals of the company are divided into two units, the unit of food and home and personal care products unit split. They distributed control subsidiaries with headquarters and selling companies are not profits. Organizational structure of Unilever is commonly a hybrid one. The company operates three regions of the division: two product segments and five functional segments. They developed a simple structure to communication processes and effective use of available resources for the growth of the organization to accelerate. The corporate culture is to believe in the ideas and support. Be a diversified company, they need to create a common working environment by combining carefully the needs of different people, so that they are motivated and proud to work for the company. Unilever is to develop a high commercial principles and code of ethics for the company a good reputation in the industry. Today’s business world has become globalized, the resources left Training strategic internal and external, in order to further the objectives of the organization. The main goal is the company HR strategy with the company to combine a competitive advantage. After major restructuring of business processes Unilever concentrates the use of its resources to its business strategy. They established a work program simply smart people work on three levels: †¢ Manage time effectively and simplify their work with a series of tools †¢ To work in a team within the company †¢ Easy to work in terms of process and organizational commitment of employees Its HR function was restructured into three components, which allows them to remove the complexity of the HR model.. The first is to their day to day transactional problems, manage shared services. Second component included the centralization of units within the company in areas such as education, administration, compensation and organizational development. Third component included development and delivery of HR solutions to solve business problems with the help of a group of human resource management specialists. Unilever is a global name in the world today, and has a large number of employees worldwide. For the company to be competitive in the world market must carefully synchronize their HR policies with the company’s strategy to achieve their goals. Building a corporate culture is part of a key strategy that includes employee passion to win in behavior, attitudes and motivation. What can be achieved in restructuring the organization, employee assessment, workshops and awards? Unilever has a model called competitive leadership for the growth profile, the various components of the process of creating a vision of growth for every person in the company, to motivate them for the purpose of work is developed combined organization. The implementation of this model is a challenge in a specific job, but the goal was also the commitment of the staff to get to work towards. Using factors LGP new company is trying to change the behavior of the manager, to the strategic objective of business growth and development, and recruitment process management (Sustainable Development, 2008) are linked. TASK 1c INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR Culture of an organization is very important to play an important role, whether or not the organization is a happy, healthy place for many executives do not deny work, the importance of corporate culture in employee satisfaction, a sudden certainly shaping realize some direct implications it. It is often assumed that cultures are fixed, but this assumption is wrong. It is important that leaders at all levels about their roles and responsibilities in the defense of the positive work environments that can increase employee satisfaction are. Dissatisfaction is the leading cause of revenues and costs, and may have adverse environmental effects on the body. Individual Behavior Individual behavior refers to how individuals behave in the workplace; their behavior is influenced by his attitude, personality, perception, learning and motivation. This also refers to the combination of reactions to internal and external stimuli. Factors affecting individual behavior can be; Demography: Demographic factors, socioeconomic background, education, nationality, race, age, gender, etc. are organizations that people who belong to a higher socio-economic well-educated, young people, etc. because they prefer to be more effective than others probably. Young and dynamic professionals who have a good academic background and effective communication skills are always in high demand. The study of demographic factors is important because managers help you choose the right candidate for a position. Ability and Skills: Physical ability of a person to do something can be described as the ability. Competence can be seen as the ability in a way that allows a person to perform well defined act. Individual behavior and the performance is strongly influenced by the ability and skills. A person may well in the organization if their skills are matched with the job requirements. Managers play an important role in the skills and abilities of employees with the requirements of the position correspond. Perception: It is a cognitive process to interpret environmental stimuli and to make responses accordingly. Each individual on his preferences can base and organize its responses. To interpret environmental stimuli there are several factors that affect the perception of one. The study of perception plays an important role for managers. It is important for managers to create a positive work environment so that employees can perform better. Employees are most likely to succeed if they perceive a positive way. Attitude: According to psychologists, the attitude as a tendency to respond positively or negatively to certain objects, persons or situations are defined. Factors such as family, community, culture, colleagues and organizational factors influence the formation of attitudes. Manager of a company, the variables associated with the task. Working environment in a favorable way, that people are trying to create study form a positive attitude toward their jobs Employees can better in the organization, if they are positive. Personality: Personality as the study of the properties and characteristics of an individual can be the interdependent relationship between them and how a person reacts and adapts to different people and situations. The various factors that influence an individual’s personality are heredity, family, society, culture and situation. It implies that individuals differ in their nature and meets the organizational environment. Personality can be considered the most complex aspect of human behavior that is significantly affected. We can conclude that the study of personality traits is a chance to understand people. It helps them to properly orient their efforts and motivation to achieve the organizational goal. It refers to the fact that various environmental factors to produce different responses. The study of these reactions is very important for the organization. Every organization needs a certain kind of conduct of their employees, and such behavior can be discovered through obs ervation, learning, exposure, education, etc. LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Task 1 Leadership Styles A style of leadership leading provider of consulting, implementation plans and motivate. There are many different types of leadership that can be presented by the leaders in politics, business or other. Authoritarian Leadership Style An autocratic leader has strict custody and tight control over followers by giving the strict regulation policies and procedures, to the disciples. To keep the focus on the distinction between authoritarian leaders and their followers, these kinds of guides are implemented so as to make sure to create a professional relationship separate. Direct supervision, is what they believe to be the key to maintaining an efficient and trailer boat. In fear, unproductive supporter’s authoritarian leaders keep a watchful eye and it is necessary that something be done. Examples of communicative behavior authoritarian stage a traffic cop, a teacher ordered a student to do his duty, and a cleaning supervisor instructed a subordinate workstation. All of these positions require a significant number of features that give the leadership to put things in order or a point of view. Authoritarian features: sets goals individually, engaged primarily in one direction, downward communication, control conversations with the faithful, and the interaction donation. Paternalistic Leadership Style As a paternalistic leader, by taking care of you as a father figure would work to their subordinates as parents. In this way the leadership of the Chief provides comprehensive care for his followers or workers. In return, he gets the full trust and loyalty of his people. Workers under the leadership style should be very committed to what the leader thinks and do not strive and work independently. The relationship between the leaders and colleagues are extremely strong. Workers should stay with a company for a longer period due to the loyalty and trust. Not only do they treat each other like family into the labor market, but also outside. These workers are in a position to the other with all the problems that they are going through something; because they believe what they say, really help. One of the drawbacks of a paternalistic leader is that the leader can begin to play in the decisions favorites. This guide includes workers are more likely to follow and for those who were less fai thful to exclude. Democratic Leadership Style Democratic leadership includes the leaders of the decision-making skills to share with the group to promote the interests of the members of the group and the practice of social equality. This style includes discussions to encourage debate and the exchange of ideas and people feel good about their participation. The boundaries of democratic participation in the rule of the organization or group needs and the instrumental value of these attributes (skills, attitudes, etc.) are limited. Democratic style includes the idea that everyone needs, due to their status as human beings play a role in the decisions of the group. But the Democratic leadership still needs guidance and control by a specific leader. The democratic style requires the leader to decide who should be called within the group and make the right decisions and to participate and vote. Research has shown that this type of leadership is one of the most efficient and creates greater productivity has improved contributions from the members of the group and group increased morale. In situations where the roles are not clear or time is short, the Democratic leadership to lead the communication failures and unfinished projects. Democratic leadership works best in situations where group members are qualified and willing to share their knowledge. It is also important to allow sufficient time to help people develop a plan and then vote on the best way to have effect. Laissez-faire Leadership Style Laissez-faire leadership style was first described by Lewin, Lippitt and White in 1938, and the autocratic leadership and democratic leadership style. The laissez-faire style is sometimes referred to as â€Å"hands off† management style, because the leader delegates tasks to their fans and has little or no significance for the disciples. If the leader moves to its followers, it can sometimes lead to a lack of productivity, satisfaction and cohesion. Laissez-faire leaders loyal to complete freedom can make decisions on the conclusion of their work. It allows supporters a high degree of autonomy and independence, while providing advice and support at the same time the demand. The weary head with the Freedom Tour, trailer with all necessary materials in order to achieve their goals, but do not participate directly in the decision, unless the disciples to ask for their help. Transactional Leadership Style Transactional leadership style was first described by Max Weber in 1947 and later in 1981 by Bernard Bass. In this style he mainly used management to focus on transactional leaders. They guide their followers and motivated them by a system of rewards and punishments. There are two factors that are the basis of this system, rewards and management by exception. Offers rewards contingent rewards, both material and psychological for the efforts and recognize good performance. Management by exception allows the driver to maintain the status quo. Occurs when the subordinates do not meet an acceptable level of performance and corrective intervene to improve performance. Management by exception relieves managers, as they are called in when employees are away from. Comparison of the Five Leadership Styles Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision making or better informed when the leader of the member of the group. The paternalistic leader promotes the organization because she workers to perform tasks, so you can allow them to stay on top of their work. A worker task that boosts confidence and makes them work harder to achieve a goal and to exceed proved that they work hard. With this style of management can also help a reward system. This system allows employees to better, because there is something for them at the end of the tunnel. While doing this, they will also be able to perform more work in a given period. The democratic style requires the leader to decide who should be called within the group and make the right decisions and to participate and vote. Democratic leadership will give you better ideas and creative solutions to problems because the group members are encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas. Although democratic leadership style is one of the most effective leadership, it has some potential drawbacks. The laissez-faire style effective for use: †¢ The fans are highly qualified, experienced and educated. †¢ The fans are proud of their work and will do it on their own. †¢ Outside experts, such as staff specialists or consultants are used. †¢ The fans are experienced and trustworthy. This style should not be used if: †¢ The followers a sense of insecurity to the unavailability of a leader. †¢ The leader cannot or do not regularly reporting back to their disciples Effective leadership styles Uni-Lever Brothers In large multinational companies such as Uni-Lever Brothers Company endorsed the concept of leadership not only with traditional dimensions such as strokes and styles, but also at the level of the leadership skills developed through the process generated history of organizational learning. It forms what is believed to lead can affect considerable strategic importance, announced the general performance of the multinational Unilever in 2001 â€Å"Path to Growth† of the new strategy by the number of products in its portfolio in 1200 400 to instead Unilever brands create a space for global growth. A key strategy as â€Å"building a corporate culture† aims to encourage employees to gain market behavior due to their state of mind, passion and motivation. This culture has been developed through an organizational restructuring, assessment, workshops and awards. The most important is the strategic reorientation model combines Unilever new skill, leadership for the growth profile (LGP), and the following elements. First of all, everyone in the company should have a vision for growth. Growth is considered the key criteria for the conduct of employees of Unilever. Second, any increase in growth through the implementation and for other growth stimulating. Third, it is important to get the commitment of growth. And defining a new set of skills LGP / factors and the use of management development and recruitment Unilever tries to change the behavior of managers and increase behaviors that are related to the strategic objectives of growth. Unilever said Expatriate Manager Orientation power is lower than the other cultural attribute value to the company. Low score on this scale reflects the heritage management and previous painful realities of economic transition. Effective Leadership Styles in the Pharmaceutical Shaheen The basic goal of the pharmaceutical industry Shaheen is to produce high quality medicines at affordable prices with the latest technology and a highly technical. To achieve this goal, the Company has GLP, GMP and ISO 9001:2000 GWP requirements and continual improvement of their management and marketing tasks. Shaheen Pharmaceuticals by style bureaucratic activities of the HR department, that all core businesses which position a person has only one main HRD activities. Shaheen pharmacy has one of the best systems management career. The Company periodically reviews its employees and as far as the improvement of their career is to be feared, the company has an appropriate strategic planning, through which it raised the level of staff training. The company offers workshops, seminars, visits, key employees and other pharmaceutical training courses that focus on the injection of expertise and professionalism of the staff. TASK 2 ORGANISATIONAL THEORIES Organizational theory as â€Å"the study of organizations in favor of the identification of common themes in order to solve problems, the maximization of the efficiency and productivity and to meet the needs of the stakeholder organization theories are theories of classical, neo-classical and modern. It complements studies of organizational behavior studies and Human Resource Management. Organizational theory aims to understand the structure within organizations. The research aims to find out if it. Better way of structuring organizations, or if it varies depending on the situation. Another goal is to understand what causes. These theories are further categorized into three categories namely classical, neo classical and modern theories. Advantages and disadvantages of the classical theory of management practice Although classical perspective promotes efficiency, it is often to ignore the needs of people criticized. Moreover, it is rarely considered human error or the variability of the performance. One of the advantages of the traditional management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three levels of separate management. Each management group has its own goals and responsibilities. One of the advantages of the classical approach to management is the division of labor. The projects are divided into small tasks easy to accomplish. The division of labor leads to increased productivity and efficiency, because the workers should not multitask. According to the classical theory of management, employees must be motivated by financial rewards. Owner of a small business can take to motivate this approach by staff to achieve production. The approach of the autocratic leadership is the central part of the classical management theory. The autocratic leadership approach is generally to be made quickly by a chieftain of small decisions without a large group of people, such as advising a board. Small businesses, sole proprietorships, may have a particular advantage in this approach because they have a strong leader need to grow. Classical management theory was rigid and mechanistic and it is a clear inadequacy of the classical organization theory. Its main drawback is that it has tried to explain the motivation of the people who work strictly for economic success. Another weakness of the classical organizational theory rests on the assumption that all organizations are somewhat similar. Thompson and McHugh (2002: 6) Quote Salaman (1979: 33), which states: â€Å"A real organizational sociology is not by the efforts of some analysts helped organization hypotheses about organizations in general to develop an amalgam of these examples as diverse as voluntary organizations, charities and political organizations. Advantages and disadvantages of neoclassical theory in practice management The human relations movement developed in response to the strong and authoritarian structure of the classical theory. He raised many questions which theory from the classical. The most serious objection to the classical theory is that it created on the compliance and stiffness, wading creativity, personal growth and motivation. Neoclassical theory appears genuine concern for human needs. Neoclassical theory focuses on individual behavior or group, and the relationships determine productivity. The main features of the neoclassical approach are individual group work and participatory management style. Neoclassical theorists have recognized the importance of individual and collective behavior and emphasized human relationships. Based on the Hawthorne experiments, stressed the neoclassical approach, the relationship between the social or human operators, researchers and regulators (Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1943). It has been argued that these considerations were consistent determination productivity as simple changes in working conditions. Productivity gains achieved as a result of high morale, which was affected by the amount of each employee, personal attention and get intimate. Advantages and disadvantages of the modern theory of management practice Modern theories are based on the idea that the organization is a scalable system that must adapt to changes in their environment. Modern theories are systemic approach, the socio-technical approach and the concept of contingency or situation. The systems approach views the organization as a system consisting of a series of interconnected composed and interdependent subsystems. The socio-technical approach is to look up the organization as a social system, the technical system and its environment. They interact with each other and it is necessary, according to balance for the effective functioning of the institution. The contingency or situational approach recognizes that organizational systems are interrelated with their environment and different environments call for different organizational relationships for effective organization. Some major features of the modern approaches of the organization are: †¢ Theses approaches are a systemic and dynamic process of viewing and interaction. †¢ These approaches are multilevel, probabilistic, multi-motivated and multidimensional in nature.